Data Recovery describes the methods used to extract media from failed or corrupt storage devices, such as HDDs, SSDs, RAID Arrays, and Flash Media. There are many consumer-level data recovery software tools available online. However, as professional data recovery technicians, we use specialized hardware and software combinations to recover data from damaged devices. Our tools allow us to fix underlying issues with storage devices, which is impossible with consumer-level software. For hard drives, this may include repairing corrupt firmware modules or perhaps recovering unreadable sectors of data due to mechanical problems. We also use cleanrooms to repair mechanical issues like failed read-write heads, bent spindles, or failed motors. For flash media, our tools allow us to read the RAW data from NAND chips, correct their ECC errors, and reconstruct the controller’s functions by mimicking XOR overlays and assembling the data by interpreting the device’s bitmap.